Introduction
1.0.1 The Relationship between Articles 1A(2) and 1F(b)
1.1 International Instruments and Organisations Prior to 1951
1.1.1 (1921-1946)
1.1.2 Constitution of the International Refugee Organisation
1946, Part II, paragraph 3
1.1.3 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948, Article
14(2)
1.1.4 Statute of the Office of the United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees
1949, Section 7(d)
1.2 The Convention relating to the Status of Refugees 1951, Articles 1A(2) And 1F(b)
1.2.0.1 A Note on Treaty Interpretation
1.2.0.2 The Travaux Préparatoires
1.2.0.3 The Drafting Process
1.2.1 The Drafting History of Article 1A(2)
1.2.2 The Drafting History of Article 1F(b)
1.2.2.1 E/AC.7SR.166: Discussion before the Economic
and Social Council
1.2.2.2 A/Conf.2/1: Paragraph 1E of the Draft Convention
1.2.2.3 A/Conf.2/SR.24: Discussion of the United Kingdom
Amendment
1.2.2.4 A/Conf.2/SR.29: Further Discussion of the United
Kingdom
Amendment
1.2.2.4 Analysis of the Drafting History of Article 1F(b)
1.3 Post Convention Developments
1.3.1 International Instruments
1.3.2 The UNHCR Handbook on Procedures and Criteria
for Determining Refugee
Status
1.4
Conclusions regarding the Convention's Approach to Political Offenders
2.1 Subjective Political Motive
2.2 Objective Political Act
2.2.1 Absolute Political Offenses
2.2.2 Relative Political Offenses
2.3 Exceptions Relating to terrorism and International Crimes
2.4 Fair Trial and Punishment
2.4.1 The Discrimination Clause
2.5 Summary of Factors Distinguishing
Political from Common Crime in the Law of Extradition
3.1 Relative Political Offenses
3.1.1 Exclusion Based on Commission of a Serious Non-Political
Crime
3.1.2 Inclusion Based on Commission of a Relative Political
Offense
3.2 Absolute Political Offenses
3.2.1 Dwomoh v Sava
3.2.2 Antonio v Canada (MEI)
3.3 Unfair Trial, Excessive Punishment and Extra-Judicial Harm
3.4 Conclusions regarding Refugee Claims Based on the
Commission of Acts of Political
Violence
4.1 Draft Evasion/Military Desertion
4.2 Unlawful Departure/Stay Abroad
4.3 Iran's 'Dress Code'
4.3.1 Fatin v INS
4.3.2 Fisher v INS
4.3.3 Namitabar v Canada (MEI)
4.4 China's One Child Family Policy: Forced Sterilization and Forced Abortion
4.4.1 The US Case Law and Administrative Measures
4.4.2 The Canadian Cases
4.5 Conclusions regarding the Scope an Application of
the Political Offender Analogy in Refugee
Law