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High Court Cases
AA v Refugee
Status Appeals Authority
High Court Auckland
CIV-2006-404-7974
3 May 2007; 29 June 2007
Harrison J
Credibility findings
- lies - significance of
Credibility findings
- whether independent evidence required before adverse finding can be
made
Judicial review
- fairness - credibility findings - whether notice given of adverse
credibility findings
The plaintiffs (husband
and wife) were not believed by the Refugee Status Appeals Authority.
Various grounds of judicial review were advanced in the High
Court, those grounds being an attempt to circumvent the adverse
credibility findings which, on their own, were beyond challenge in the
High Court.
Held:
1 There was
no general rule of natural justice that a decision-maker must disclose
that which he is minded to decide, thereby giving the parties a further
opportunity of criticising his mental processes before he makes a final
decision (see para [20]).
Khalon v Attorney-General [1996] 1
NZLR 458 and Hoffmann-La Roche &
Co AG v Secretary of State
for Trade and Industry [1975] AC 295 (HL) applied.
2 The
Authority was under no obligation to put the husband on express notice
of an adverse finding on one of a number of interlinked parts of their
story which required acceptance in totality if they were to be believed
(see para [31]).
3 The rules
of fairness did not exist to provide the husband with a further
opportunity of influencing the Authority's mental processes before it
made a decision (see para [33]).
4 The
Authority could determine a material point (and make an adverse
credibility finding) in the absence of evidence such as of a
documentary nature independent of the husband's viva voce account. The
Authority's rejection of the husband and wife's evidence about a
certain incident was wholesale. There could not be a challenge to the
Authority's conclusion that the husband's account was implausible (see
paras [37] & [41(1)]).
5 The fact
that a party has lied when giving evidence at a hearing in any
jurisdiction does not of itself mean that the whole of his or her
evidence is untruthful. The nature and context of the lie are relevant
to its weight. In the present case the Authority was entitled to be
satisfied that the nature, extent and magnitude of the lies told by
both the husband and wife undermined the credibility of all related
aspects of the claim (see para [41(2)]).
Application
dismissed.
Other cases
mentioned
in judgment:
Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury
Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223
B
v Refugee Status Appeals Authority (High Court Auckland,
M1600/96, 23 July 1997, Giles J)
Burut v Public
Prosecutor [1995] 2 AC 579, 595C (PC)
Jiao v
Refugee Status Appeals Authority [2003] NZAR 647 (CA)
Re Erebus Royal Commission: Air New Zealand v Mahon [1983]
NZLR 662 (PC)
Wellington City Council v Woolworths New
Zealand (No.2) [1996] 2 NZLR 537 (CA)
Counsel
R McLeod for
the
plaintiffs
A Longdill for
defendants
HARRISON J
Introduction
[1] The plaintiffs, AA and
others, are nationals of a foreign country (X). AA comprises a husband
and wife and their four children. Immediately upon arrival in New
Zealand they claimed refugee status and were granted temporary permits.
The Refugee Status Branch of Immigration New Zealand (RSB) later
declined AA’s claim. The Refugee Status Appeals Authority (RSAA or the
Authority) dismissed their appeal. However, AA remain in New Zealand
pending determination of this application to review the RSAA’s decision.
[2] AA’s application is based upon
every ground of judicial review apparently recognised by administrative
law except for predetermination. AA say the RSAA’s decision was made in
breach of the principles of natural justice; was contrary to s 27 New
Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990; was based on an error or errors of
law; was made on factual findings for which there was no or
insufficient evidential basis; was irrational, unreasonable, arbitrary,
capricious or disproportionately harsh; took into account irrelevant
considerations; and failed to take account of mandatory relevant
considerations.
[3] On examination, and with
respect to the careful written and oral argument presented in support
by Mr Richard McLeod, AA’s various grounds for seeking review are
restatements of the common theme of an attempt to circumvent the effect
of adverse credibility findings made by the Authority which Mr McLeod
accepted are beyond challenge in this Court.
Background
[4] AA’s claim for
refugee status was based on the ground of a well-founded fear that they
would face persecution within the meaning of the United Nations Refugee
Convention 1991 if they returned to X. Mr McLeod summarised its factual
foundation as follows:
(1) The husband was
arrested in 1991 during his compulsory military service. The X
Intelligence Service had accused him of trying to kill a senior officer, being a
traitor, working against the government and working for another
country. He was detained without charge for two years and beaten while in
detention;
(2) Following
release,
the husband was required to report monthly to the X Military Intelligence
Security Department. He was prohibited from leaving his city and from
obtaining a X passport;
(3) In time the husband
found self-employment as a plumber, although he continued to be subject
to the original restrictions. He was required in October 2005 to carry out
plumbing work in the office of a senior officer in the Military
Intelligence Security Department. While the husband was performing
this contract, the office was flooded. Considerable damage was
caused to his office as a result. The authorities accused the
husband of deliberately flooding the office in an attempt to conceal the
theft of politically sensitive documents and compact discs which had
gone missing;
(4) The husband went into
hiding in X. He feared for his life and his family’s safety. Together
he and his wife and their children were smuggled across the
border into a neighbouring country. The X Intelligence Services
visited the husband’s family and the wife’s father in search of the
husband. They made threats against and arrested the husband’s
brother;
(5) AA subsequently
travelled to New Zealand on false passports. They sought asylum
immediately on arrival at Auckland International Airport on 29 November
2005. Throughout this time the X Intelligence Services
continued to show interest in the husband’s whereabouts and
questioned his mother.
RSAA Decision
[5] The Authority’s
decision, which was delivered on 6 November 2006, opened with this
summary of its understanding of AA’s case: at [4]:
… that [the husband] is
wanted by [X] authorities for stealing and destroying politically sensitive
materials from the office of a high-ranking military intelligence official
after he had performed plumbing work in that office. The central issue to be
determined is whether the account on which that claim is based is true.
[6] The Authority outlined the
evidence given by both the husband and wife at the hearing, before
identifying the principal issues for determination as: at [46]:
(a) Objectively, on the
facts as found, is there a real chance of [AA] being persecuted if
returned to the country of nationality?
(b)
If the answer is yes, is there a Convention reason for that persecution?
[7] The RSAA recorded that an
assessment of the credibility of both the husband and wife was
necessary before it could determine the principal issues, and
concluded: at [48]:
Without exception, the
core account put forward by the appellant is rejected. His account is
implausible and inconsistent in key areas. The Authority does not believe that the
appellant was engaged to perform plumbing work at the office in question. We
find further that his attendant claim to have been sought by the authorities
in [X] as a result of his work is false. The Authority does not
believe that the appellants faced any impediment to their departure from [X] at the
time they left and we find that there is no evidence that they would
experience any difficulty if they were to return to [X] now. Our reasons follow.
[8] The RSAA carefully explained the
reasons for its credibility finding. It was satisfied that the
husband’s account of carrying out the plumbing work was implausible: at
[49]-[53]. It identified significant inconsistencies between his
previous statements, including those to the RSB officer, and his
evidence before the Authority: at [54]-[63].
[9] The Authority found as
follows:
[64] For the reasons
given above the Authority does not believe that the appellant was required to
perform plumbing work in the office of the head of military intelligence and
the events that followed. Accordingly the Authority finds that the
appellant and his family left [X] legally and at that time were of no interest
to [X] authorities. They did not depart clandestinely in the manner he claimed.
[65]
The Authority holds great scepticism over the remainder of his claim particularly that after
his release from detention in 1993 until the time he left the country he was
subject to the restrictions of having to report to military intelligence once per
month, having to remain in A city and not being able to obtain a passport.
[66]
The Authority will accept that he was detained for two years as claimed and that he may
have been subjected to these restrictions for a period of time. However,
the Authority does not accept that the appellant was still under these
restrictions in October 2005, in particular, the requirement that he
report to military intelligence, more than a decade after his release from
detention.
[67]
The order to perform the plumbing work was made when he presented himself to
military headquarters as he claimed he had been required to do for the
previous twelve years. As the Authority finds his narrative of being asked
to do the plumbing work and the events that followed to be not
credible, so too his claim of having to report himself and to have been under
restrictions on his travel, some twelve years after his release from detention,
is also not credible.
[68]
The appellant was of no interest to [X] authorities when he left [X], was not under the claimed
restrictions at that time and left the country legally.
[10] The RSAA’s exposition of
its grounds for adverse credibility findings are clear, comprehensive
and logical, and Mr McLeod accepted that they are beyond challenge on
an application for review in this Court.
[11] The Authority then
considered the two legal issues, noting that AA’s counsel had submitted
that apart from the risk arising from the plumbing work, there is a
risk they ‘will suffer persecution on their return to [X] because they
had sought asylum in New Zealand and travelled out of [X] illegally’:
at [69]. Ms Anna Longdill for the Crown pointed out that this argument
was raised by AA’s counsel for the first time in closing submissions.
The Authority granted her leave to file supplementary written
submissions in support within 21 days.
[12] The RSAA considered
counsel’s further submissions, and a range of supplementary country
information including decisions of refugee review tribunals in
Australia and Canada, reports by Amnesty International and reports by a
X Human Rights Committee. It dismissed AA’s case that they would be at
risk of persecution on the new ground relating to their return to X for
these reasons:
[72] … Firstly, the
Authority has rejected the appellant’s account of being wanted by [X]
authorities. We also find that he was of no interest to the [X] authorities when
he left [X] and that he and his family departed that country legally.
Accordingly, they will be of no interest to [X] authorities on return.
[73]
There is no evidence that those authorities are currently aware of their refugee claims or
that they would find out.
[74]
While the appellant may have been detained in the early 1990’s and may have been subjected
to some restrictions after his release, we find that by the time he left [X]
he was able to leave the country legally. His past adverse record will not
lead to him suffering any adverse consequences on his return to [X] that
will make him of interest to the [X] authorities.
[13] The Authority concluded that:
at [86]:
… objectively, on the
facts as found, there is not a real chance that any of the appellants will suffer
persecution if they return to [X]. The second framed issue does not therefore
arise for determination.
Decision
AA’s Case
[14] Mr McLeod has identified these three findings by the
Authority for challenge on review:
(1) The husband was of no
interest to [X] authorities on his departure from [X], he was not
under a rights ban at the time and he left the country legally;
(2)
There is no real chance of AA suffering persecution in [X] for their illegal departure,
forceful removal or having sought asylum in New Zealand, because they
did not depart the country illegally and/or the cases and country
information cited do not apply to them;
(3)
The husband’s past adverse record would not give rise to a real chance of persecution on
his arrival in [X] following his forced removal there.
[15] I shall deal with each
separately although in my view the second and third findings merge into
one. However, before doing so, I record what seems to be the central
plank underlying all of Mr McLeod’s arguments. Mr McLeod, who was not
counsel for AA before the RSAA, said that their appeal to that forum
was based on the existence of ‘different strands … which were not
necessarily linked’, giving rise to ‘several aspects to their claim for
refugee status’.
[16] Mr McLeod identified
those different strands or aspects of AA’s claim as (1) the plumbing
incident; (2) the prohibition on the husband at the date of AA’s
departure from X from obtaining a passport and leaving the country on
account of his adverse political record; (3) AA’s illegal and
unauthorised departure from X; (4) without travel documentation AA
would be forcibly returned to X by Immigration New Zealand, with the
result that the X authorities would likely deduce or suspect they had
claimed asylum abroad; and (5) without travel documentation AA would be
forcibly removed by Immigration New Zealand to X, where the authorities
would likely discover the husband’s past political record (namely his
detention by X Intelligence Services in 1991 for allegedly trying to
kill a senior officer, being a traitor, working against the X
government and working for another country) in the course of an
investigation into his background.
[17] This subdivision is, I
think, artificially subtle; I agree with Ms Longdill that AA’s claim
for refugee status, and on appeal, was squarely based upon the risk of
persecution arising from the plumbing incident – the first of the five
strands identified by Mr McLeod in this Court. That is confirmed by
counsel’s opening synopsis of submissions before the RSAA. Mr McLeod’s
second and third strands – that at the date of departure the husband
was still prohibited from obtaining a passport and leaving the country
on account of his adverse political record; and that AA had thus left X
illegally and without authorisation – were incidental but integral to
and subsumed by the first. The last two strands, the fourth and fifth –
of risks arising from the forcible removal from New Zealand to X – did
not emerge until the close of AA’s case but are also closely bound up
with the first.
[18] It was a composite case,
built around the plumbing incident, in which all strands were, contrary
to Mr McLeod’s submission, necessarily linked and interdependent.
(1) Husband of no interest to [X] authorities on his departure
(a) Breach of Natural Justice
[19] First and primarily, Mr McLeod submitted that the RSAA
breached the rules of natural justice by finding that the husband was
of no interest to X authorities at the time of his departure, was not
under a rights ban and left the country legally. He said that this
breach was constituted by the Authority’s failure to give adequate
notice to the husband and wife of its intention to reach an adverse
credibility finding on their claim that the official restrictions on
the husband were still in place in 2005. By doing so, Mr McLeod said,
the Authority deprived AA of the opportunity to respond on a point
which later became important, if not critical, to its dismissal of the
appeal.
[20] Ms Longdill does not, of
course, challenge Mr McLeod’s starting point that the Authority’s
proceedings are subject to the rules of natural justice. He submitted
that only the higher standards of fairness will suffice since questions
of life, personal safety and liberty are at stake: s 27 New Zealand
Bill of Rights Act 1990; Khalon v
Attorney-General [1996] 1 NZLR 458, Fisher J, at 15. However,
he acknowledged that there is no general rule of natural justice that a
decision-maker must disclose that
which he is minded to decide, thereby giving the parties a further
opportunity of criticising his mental processes before he makes a final
decision: Khalon; Hoffmann-
La Roche & Co AG v Secretary of
State for Trade and Industry [1975] AC 295.
[21] Mr McLeod says, though,
that the rules of natural justice require that persons before an
inquiry who stand to be adversely affected by a finding: Re Erebus Royal
Commission: Air New Zealand v Mahon [1983]
NZLR 662 (PC) at 671:
… should not be left in
the dark as to the risk of the finding being made and thus
deprived of any opportunity to adduce additional material of probative value which, had it been
placed before the decision-maker, might have deterred him from
making the finding even though it cannot be predicated that it would
inevitably have had that result.
[Emphasis
added]
[22] Mr McLeod also acknowledged
that notice is only required if the applicant could not reasonably be
expected to foresee the hazard he faces. However, he said that, while
an adverse credibility finding will usually be foreseeable without the
necessity for express notice of that possibility, a remedy on judicial
review may be available if the party can show that he was being taken
unfairly by surprise on a credibility matter, and that with adequate
notice it might have been possible to rebut the adverse inference: Khalon at 26.
[23] Mr McLeod submitted that
the Authority failed to probe in any real way AA’s claim that the
restrictions placed on the husband following his release were still in
place in 2005, particularly his claim that he could not still get a
passport. He pointed to what he said was an absence of questions on
this issue. Nor did the Authority warn the husband, he said, of the
real possibility of an adverse credibility finding on the claim that
the restrictions placed on the husband were still in place in 2005. To
the contrary, he submitted, one passage from the transcript of
cross-examination suggested that during the hearing an Authority member
put the claim of restrictions being in place in 2005 to the husband as
if it was a fact which the RSAA accepted.
[24] Mr McLeod contrasted the
absence of probing questions on the rights ban with the extremely
lengthy examination by Authority members of both the husband and wife
about the plumbing incident. Accordingly, he submitted, they were
placed in an invidious position where, in breach of the rules of
justice and unfairly, they faced the risk of an adverse finding to
which they were not alerted and were not given opportunity to counter.
He relied on Giles J’s statement that ‘nowhere in the transcript do the
RSAA members make it clear that they have concerns going to credibility
on all of the six points eventually recited in the decision as being
fundamental to that determination’: B
v Refugee Status Appeals Authority HC AK M1600/96 23 July 1997,
at 30.
[25] I reject Mr McLeod’s
submission. The rationale for this particular rule of natural justice
was articulated in the passage highlighted above from Re Erebus. Fairness requires the
decision-maker to give the person at risk of an adverse credibility
finding the opportunity to adduce further evidence, either written or
oral, which might not otherwise be led at the hearing but which might,
if rendered relevant by the prospect of such a finding, have a
determinative effect.
[26] The facts in Re Erebus illustrate the point.
Senior Air New Zealand employees who appeared before the Royal
Commission of Inquiry into the crash of one of the company’s passenger
jets were never put on notice by the Commissioner that he might find
they lied when giving evidence. The Commission’s terms of reference
were directed to the circumstances of the disaster. The question of
whether or not the airline’s executives gave fabricated evidence to the
Inquiry was at best collateral or consequential. The issue of their
credibility was never manifestly at the forefront of the inquiry.
[27] The importance of
adherence to this right to natural justice was illustrated in the
decisions of the Court of Appeal and Privy Council in Re Erebus. Both were satisfied
there was no material of any probative value upon which the
Commissioner could find the Air New Zealand executives were guilty of a
predetermined plan of deception. The individuals affected would have
been able to expose this evidential deficiency if the Commissioner had
put them on notice of his adverse intention at some stage during the
inquiry, thus sparing them from damaging and unfounded reputational
findings.
[28] This case could not be
further away from Re Erebus.
As Ms Longdill submitted, AA were under a statutory obligation to
establish their claim and ‘… ensure that all information, evidence and
submissions which [they] wish to have considered in support of the
appeal …’ were provided to the RSAA before it reaches a decision: s
129P(1) Immigration Act 1987; Jiao v
Refugee Status Appeals Authority [2003] NZAR 647 (CA). The
transcript and submissions confirm that the plumbing incident was the
primary ground for AA’s claim of a risk of persecution.
[29] However, in a detailed
submission filed in reply to Ms Longdill’s synopsis, Mr McLeod
attempted to moderate or soften AA’s apparent reliance on the plumbing
incident by reference to his several strands or aspects theory of the
case. In this way he sought to elevate the two components of the rights
ban allegedly existing at the date of AA’s departure from X – a
prohibition from obtaining a passport and leaving the country, and
leaving illegally and without authorisation – as discrete grounds of
risk which the RSAA was required by the rules of natural justice to
isolate out and treat as separate subjects of specific notice when
questioning the husband and wife.
[30] In my judgment Mr McLeod
has drawn a distinction without a difference. The allegations of a
rights ban or travel prohibition were an essential link in the chain of
AA’s case. The 2005 travel prohibition, some 12 years after the
original restrictions were imposed, could not have of itself justified
the husband escaping X for fear of persecution. He had to provide a
credible nexus between the ban and the plumbing incident. The success
of his account depended on showing that the authorities regarded him as
a security risk in 2005. Without that background, on the husband’s
account, the X authorities would have had no cause to accuse him of
deliberately flooding the office; he would have had no apparent motive
to steal politically sensitive documents and compact discs. The
incident, if it had occurred, would have been susceptible to an
innocent explanation.
[31] As noted, the plumbing
incident was and remained throughout the centrepiece of AA’s claim for
asylum. AA and their advisors knew that the Authority had no
independent knowledge of the facts alleged, and that its decision would
be entirely reliant upon acceptance of the truth of the husband and
wife’s account. But the plumbing incident did not stand alone or apart
from preceding events which together constituted AA’s story of
persecution. An adverse finding on the plumbing incident, and
everything that was advanced to support or justify it including the
alleged rights ban, was foreseeable. The Authority was under no
obligation to put AA on express notice of an adverse finding on one of
a number of interlinked parts of their story which required acceptance
in totality if they were to be believed.
[32] Two other points should be
made. One is that an analysis of the transcript of the husband’s
cross-examination, upon which Mr McLeod relied to support a proposition
that the Authority appeared to lead the husband to believe that it
accepted his account of the 2005 travel ban, shows that the contrary is
true. The RSAA was seeking the husband’s explanation, which he could
not provide, for the authorities’ decision to engage him to carry out
the plumbing work ‘in the office of this very important intelligence
official’ when he had a record as a security risk. The RSAA expressly
recognised this inconsistency in its decision: at [49].
[33] The other point is that as
noted, even if the Authority was required to place AA on separate
notice of its prospective adverse finding on the 2005 rights ban claim,
AA were under a statutory obligation to prove their case and, in
particular, to ensure that all information, evidence and submissions
were made in support. Mr McLeod did not identify any other evidence,
information or submission which might have been tendered and might have
persuaded the Authority to reach a different conclusion on the 2005
rights ban. Mr McLeod himself acknowledged that this particular rule of
natural justice did not exist to provide AA with a further opportunity
of influencing the RSAA’s mental processes before it made a decision.
In the circumstances of AA’s claim of a risk of persecution, the
Authority was hardly likely to be swayed from its adverse credibility
assessment of the husband and wife by further viva voce evidence and
cross-examination on the rights ban.
[34] This ground must fail.
(b)
Error of Law
[35] Second, Mr McLeod
submitted, the RSAA compounded its failure to give notice by committing
an error of law in drawing an inference and reaching a finding of fact
that was not open on the evidence. He attacked this finding: at [66]:
The Authority will accept
that [the husband] was detained for two years as claimed and that he may
have been subjected to these restrictions for a period of time. However,
the Authority does not accept that [the husband] was still under these
restrictions in October 2005, in particular, the requirement that he
report to military intelligence, more than a decade after his release from
detention.
[36] Mr McLeod submitted that the
RSAA was not in possession of any evidence upon which it could
legitimately form the view that the rights ban had ended on or before
October 2005: Burut v Public
Prosecutor [1995] 2 AC 579, 595C (PC); that the RSAA did not
evaluate any of the evidence given by the husband and the wife in
support of their claim that the former was still under restrictions and
without a passport at the date of departing X; and that no adverse
inferences were drawn relating to the content of that evidence itself –
such as poor demeanour, inconsistencies, or the manner and conduct of
AA’s evidence regarding the rights ban or its duration.
[37] This argument is advanced
on an artificial premise. It implies that the RSAA cannot decide a
material point in the absence of evidence such as of a documentary
nature which is independent of AA’s viva voce account. The Authority’s
rejection of the husband and wife’s evidence about the plumbing
incident was wholesale. There could not be a challenge to the RSAA’s
conclusion that the husband’s story of carrying out the plumbing work
was implausible: see [49]-[53]. And the inconsistencies in his various
statements were so extreme that the Authority was entitled to treat the
evidence of either the husband and wife as untruthful on any material
point including the rights ban: see [54]-[63]. The husband’s practice
of changing his account whenever confronted with inconsistencies
provided a sufficient foundation for rejecting all aspects of his
evidence.
[38] This allegation of error
of law fails.
(c)
Unreasonableness
[39] Third, Mr McLeod
submitted that the RSAA’s finding was unreasonable. He referred to the
traditional or Wednesbury concept of unreasonableness: Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury
Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223 (CA), as recently discussed in Wellington City Council v Woolworths New
Zealand (No.2) [1996] 2 NZLR 537 (CA) and a number of other
authorities. His argument repeated his earlier challenge to the RSAA’s
characterisation of the plumbing incident as the core of AA’s claim
when there were actually several aspects to it, as already discussed.
He criticised the Authority for devoting to the plumbing incident
approximately two thirds of its entire examination of the case within
its two day inquiry. As a result, Mr McLeod submitted, the RSAA
incorrectly narrowed its case to an undue focus and failed to take into
account or give proper consideration to the other four strands or
aspects of the case.
[40] Again, for the reasons
earlier given, this argument must fail. There is nothing unreasonable
in the Authority’s decision to focus its examination on the plumbing
incident. AA represented it to the New Zealand authorities as the
rationale for the family’s decision to flee X. As already observed,
AA’s case for refugee status stood or fell on the credibility of that
allegation. The Authority’s focus upon it did not approach
unreasonableness.
[41] Mr McLeod advanced an
alternative argument of unreasonableness. He submitted that the
Authority’s factual analysis of the evidence before it on the duration
of the rights ban was inadequate or irrational. His submission
subdivided into a number of grounds and I shall deal with each as
follows:
(1) Mr McLeod submitted
that the sole basis for the Authority’s finding that the husband was not
under any restrictions at the date of departing X was because
the account of the plumbing incident in 2005 was not credible; and
thus the claim that the rights ban was still in place in 2005 was also
not credible. Mr McLeod characterised this reasoning process as
effectively ‘throwing the [rights ban claim] baby out with the [plumbing
incident] bath water’ without detailing any other evidential basis
for the finding. With respect, this is yet another restatement of Mr
McLeod’s core argument but under a different jurisprudential guise. I
repeat that the RSAA was entitled to reject the evidence of the husband
and wife in totality on all material elements of the claim;
(2)
Mr McLeod submitted that the Authority’s finding that there was no rights ban in 2005 did
not follow logically or reasonably from its rejection of the plumbing
incident; that the fact of a lie does not of itself indicate that a
refugee claimant is not telling the truth relating to the central aspects of
his or her claim; and that a person may be a refugee even if he or she
is found to have lied in parts of the claim. This statement of general
principle is correct. The fact that a party has lied when giving
evidence at a hearing in any jurisdiction does not of itself mean that the
whole of his or her evidence is untruthful. The nature and context of the
lie are relevant to its weight. In this case the Authority was entitled to
be satisfied that the nature, extent and magnitude of the lies
told by both the husband and wife undermined
the credibility of
all related aspects of the claim;
(3)
Mr McLeod submitted there was a further irrationality in the Authority’s finding that
the husband was of no interest to X authorities at the time
of his departure given that during the hearing it had put the fact that he
was of interest to the X authorities to the husband as if it was a
fact which the Authority accepted. I have already dismissed this
argument;
(4)
Mr McLeod submitted that the RSAA failed to explain why, even if the rights ban on the
husband had indeed ended prior to 2005, it followed that he was
therefore of no interest to the X authorities when he left that country or
would be of no interest to the authorities on his return there following
forcible removal. The Authority had accepted that the husband had
previously been detained for two years without charge and tortured by
the X Intelligence Services; and that following his release he had been
required to report monthly to the relevant security department.
There was no explanation of how the interest shown by the X
authorities in the husband could effectively have disappeared by the time
he departed. With respect, this argument misconstrues the RSAA’s
decision. Plainly it was prepared to accept the husband’s claim of
detention for two years; until 1993 he may have been subject to
restrictions. But that factor was relegated to one of historical importance
given the Authority’s satisfaction that the husband lied about the
existence of the rights ban in 2005;
(5)
Mr McLeod submitted finally, within this framework, that there was a duty on the RSAA as a
statutory body to evaluate and assess the evidence before it in a
reasoned, objective and judicial manner; and that the Authority failed
to make findings of implausibilities or inconsistencies in AA’s
oral or written evidence as to the manner and circumstances of their
departure when concluding there was no credible evidence on this
subject. However, for the reasons I have already given, this
ground, which is again a variant on the others, must also fail. I repeat
that the Authority did not believe the evidence of the husband and wife
on all the material circumstances surrounding their departure from X.
[42] This ground of unreasonableness
must also fail.
(d) Failure to
take into account relevant considerations
[43] Fourth, Mr
McLeod submitted that, in finding the reporting requirements and rights
ban on the husband were no longer in place at the date of AA’s
departure from X in 2005, the Authority failed to take into account and
give proper consideration to available country information confirming
that (1) former prisoners in X are subject to a rights ban which
officially lasts for seven to 10 years and can often continue beyond
that period; and (2) X is a well known abuser of human rights and that
its supporters are proportionately repressive, particularly towards
suspected political dissidents.
[44] Mr McLeod submitted that
this failure stemmed from three other failures as follows:
(1) The RSAA’s failure to
give notice to AA that it entertained concerns on their claim that the
reporting requirements and rights ban were still in place in 2005; if such
notice had been given, they would have taken the opportunity to adduce
country information corroborating that claim. However, country
information, as the Authority consistently recited in its decision,
was irrelevant given its conclusion that no rights ban was in place
in 2005 and that AA would be of little or no interest to the X
authorities on their return;
(2)
The RSAA’s failure to properly consider the country information in its possession. The
decision provides ample evidence that the Authority did consider
the information but, as I have said, it was of little relevance given
its principal factual findings;
(3)
The RSAA’s failure to makes its own inquiries or conduct its own research into the issue
of the duration of rights bans in X. Mr McLeod did not explain
why the Authority was under this obligation where the
burden of proving their claim lay with AA.
[45] This head of challenge also
fails.
(2) Finding of no
real chance of persecution in X for illegal departure
[46] On this second
principal finding Mr McLeod submitted that, having made a reviewable
error on the rights ban, the RSAA then proceeded to make further errors
in drawing inferences and making findings of fact which were not open
on the evidence. On this finding Mr McLeod restricted the grounds of
challenge to error of law and unreasonableness.
(a) Error of Law
[47] First, Mr McLeod
submitted that the Authority’s finding that the husband was of no
interest to X authorities when he left and was not under restrictions
formed the basis of further critical findings and ultimately for
rejecting the claim that AA would encounter persecution in X if they
were to return there; that the Authority sought to rely on its factual
finding in order to distinguish and dismiss country reports and
jurisprudence regarding X returnees to the effect that those who have
departed illegally or sought asylum or been deported from another
country are at risk of persecution on their return; and that these
findings were errors of law because they were predicated on a previous
finding which was made in breach of natural justice, lacked any
evidential foundation, and was unreasonable.
[48] This submission is simply
a restatement of and does not add anything to the arguments already
considered and is accordingly dismissed.
(b)
Unreasonableness
[49] Second or
alternatively, Mr McLeod submitted that, even if the Authority’s
finding as to the duration of the rights ban claim was not invalid in
any of the ways already submitted, its attempts to dismiss the country
reports and jurisprudence and distinguish AA’s claim from them was
unreasonable; and that the RSAA failed to properly consider and weigh
the country reports and jurisprudence against the facts, logically and
rationally, and in accordance with its own legal precedents.
[50] While Mr McLeod undertook
a detailed analysis of the relevant information, I found it difficult
to discern the basis for this argument of irrationality. With respect,
some aspects were obscure. As best I can follow Mr McLeod’s
proposition, it was to the effect that the RSAA failed (1) to ask
itself or answer the question of how might the X authorities know or
infer that AA have sought asylum abroad; (2) to draw an inference that
was obvious on the material before it – that the X authorities would
likely know or infer that AA had sought asylum abroad if they were
forcibly removed from New Zealand to X without valid passports; and (3)
to take into account and give proper consideration to the
jurisprudential principle that a refugee claim may be established by
circumstantial evidence, and that evidence from a home country of harm
to persons who are similarly situated to a refugee claimant can serve
as a reliable indicator of the fate awaiting that claimant.
[51] The RSAA considered and
answered this proposition. It formulated AA’s submission in this way:
at [71]:
… if [AA] are removed
from New Zealand and returned without a valid genuine passport the [X]
government will conclude they sought asylum abroad and would know
that they left the country illegally. Counsel submitted that [AA’s]
past adverse record would come to light and according to this country
information he will face detention and torture for subversion or spreading false
information about the state.
[52] The Authority expressly
considered and dismissed the submissions now made by Mr McLeod, based
upon its rejection of the husband’s account of being wanted by X
authorities: at [72]. The RSAA considered the country information which
indicated that some X nationals who have been returned to that country
from abroad have been arrested. However, it was satisfied that they
were principally members of religious or ethnic groups with which AA
was not associated: at [75]-[77].
[53] The Authority accepted
that the country information conveyed that those who depart illegally
are at risk on return and will be questioned, when it may become
apparent that they have applied for refugee status abroad. Given its
satisfaction that AA did not depart illegally, that information was not
relevant: at [78]. The RSAA was not satisfied there was any evidence
that X authorities were aware of AA’s refugee claims or that they would
find out: at [80].
[54] With respect to Mr
McLeod’s argument, there was nothing unreasonable in the Authority’s
approach. It rejected AA’s argument after proper consideration. The
fact that the result was adverse to AA does not equate with
irrationality.
[55] Ultimately on all the
evidence tendered, the Authority was not satisfied there was a ‘real
chance’ that AA will suffer persecution if they return to X. There is
nothing unreasonable or irrational in this conclusion given the RSAA’s
credibility findings.
Result
[56] AA’s application
for orders reviewing the RSAA’s decision dated 7 December 2006 is
dismissed.
[57] There will be no order as
to costs.
Solicitors for the
applicant: McLeod & Associates (Auckland)
Solicitors for the
respondents: Meredith Connell (Auckland)